Errors specific to visual impairment

Errors specific to visual function disorders (visual perception and memory):

• confusing similarly shaped letters, e.g. a – o, l – t – ł, m – n, n – r, u – w, ę – e, ą – a
• confusing the position of letters, e.g. b -p, b – d, d – g, p – g, m – w, u – n
• omission of minor graphic elements of letters, e.g. diacritics
• failure to distinguish between capital and small letters
• typical spelling mistakes ó – u, ż – rz, ch -h
• confusion of letters used less frequently, H – f – F, Ł – F, etc.

Sources:

1. „Uczeń z dysleksją w szkole” M. Bogdanowicz, A. Adryjanek, Operon, Gdynia 2009